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Governor's : Theory of Machine
Where
Introduction :
1. A governor is a device which is also known as speed limiter or controller .
2. The function of governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine , when variation in the load .
3. When load on an engine increases its speed decreases therefore increases the supply of working fluid .
4. When the load on an engine decreases it's speed increases therefore decreases the supply of working fluid .
5. Governor's automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine .
Difference between governor and flywheel :
1. Flywheel can minimise fluctuation of speed within the cycle but governor can minimize fluctuation in mean speed of engine .
2. Flywheel can not minimize fluctuation due to load variation but governor can minimize fluctuation of load variation .
3. Flywheel operation is continuous but governor operation is intermittent .
4. Flywheel is mounted on engine shaft to reduce torque fluctuation .
Types of Governor :
Governor's can be mainly classified as -
1. Centrifugal governor
2. Inertia governor
Centrifugal governer:
1. Pendulum type - watt governor
2. Loaded type
Loaded type -
1. Dead weight governor
( Porter , Proell governor )
2. Spring controlled governor
( Hartnell , Hartung , Wilson - Hartnell , Pickering governor )
Centrifugal Governor:
1. Arms , Spindle , flyballs ,link , sleeve , stop , bevel gear , bell crank lever , throttle valve , supply at working fluid .
2. The centrifugal is based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by equal and opposite forces , known as controlling force .
3. It consist two equal masses of ball are used .
4. Arms are attached with balls .
5. These ball is known governor's balls and flyballs .
6. Arms and spindle are connected with links .
7. When spindle speed increases sleeve and balls are rise otherwise falls .
8. Sleeve is connected with bell crank lever to through valve.
9. When supply of working fluid is decreases then sleeve rises otherwise falls .
10. When balls rotate at uniform speed controlling force is equal to centrifugal force .
Terms used in Governors :
1. Height of governors
2. Equilibrium Speed
3. Mean Equilibrium Speed
4. Maximum and Minimum Equilibrium
5. Sleeve lift
1. Height of governor is vertical distance from centre of ball to intersect point where arm axis and spindle axis meet .
2. Equilibrium Speed is speed at sleeve does not tend to move upward and downward when arms and balls are equilibrium .
3. Mean Equilibrium Speed is speed at mean position of balls or sleeve .
4. Maximum and minimum equilibrium Speed is speed without tending to move of balls .
5. Sleeve lift is vertical distance due to change in equilibrium Speed .
Watt Governor :
1. The simplest form of centrifugal governor is watt governor invented by James Watt .
2. Watt governor is an example of Pendulum type Governor .
3. Arms of governor is connected to spindle in three basic way .
(A). Point A can be on spindle axis .
(B). Point A can be offset from spindle axis and arms .
(C). Pivot A can be offset but arms cross the axis .
Assumption :
Weight of arms , links , sleeve are negligible as compared to weight of ball .
Tàking moment about point 'o' -
h = height of a governor
N = Speed in rpm ( round per minute )
m = mass of ball (kg)
W = weight of ball ( N)
T = tension in arm ( N )
r = radius of path ( horizontal distance from centre of ball to spindle axis )
Height of governors h is inversely proportional to N2 therefore at high speed the value of h is small .
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